DRC—[Uganda]

PSL

Justification for SCS
Uganda is a state.

Stakeholder size (number of people)
25,004,000 people

Area of Influence
a. Geographic area
eastern Congo – especially Provinces Orientale and North Kivu
b. Population subsets

Description of Organization
a. Who are the leaders?

President: General (retd.) Yoweri Kaguta Museveni

Vice President: Prof. Gilbert Bukenya
Prime Minister: Prof. Apollo Nsibambi
First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for East African Affairs: Eriya Kategaya
Second Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Public Service: Henry Muganwa Kajura
Third Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Information and National Guidance: Ali Kirunda Kivejinja
Cabinet Ministers: (Additionally there are 45 Ministers of State without cabinet status)
Minister of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries: Hilary Onek
Minister of Defence: Crispus Kiyonga
Minister of Education and Sports: Geraldine Bitamazire
Minister of Energy and Mineral Development: Daudi Migereko
Minister of Finance, Planning and Economic Development: Dr Ezra Suruma
Minister of Foreign Affairs: Sam Kutesa
Minister of Gender, Labour and Social Development: Hajjay Sydda Bbumba
Minister of Health: Dr Stephen Malinga
Minister of the Interior: Ruhakana Rugunda
Minister of Information and Communication Technology: Ham Mulira
Minister of Information and National Guidance: Ali Kirunda Kivejinja
Minister of Justice, Constitutional Affairs and Attorney General: Khiddu Makubuya
Minister of Land, Housing and Urban Development: Omara Atubo
Minister of Local Government: Maj-Gen Kahinda Otafiire
Minister of Public Service: Henry Muganwa Kajura
Minister of Relief and Disaster Preparedness: Tarsis Kabwegyere
Minister of Security: Amama Mbabazi
Minister of Tourism, Trade and Industry: Janat Mukwaya
Minister of Water and Environment: Maria Mutagamba
Minister of Works, Housing and Communications: John Nasasira
Minister in the Office of the President: Dr Beatrice Wabudeya
Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister: Adolf Mwesigye
Minister without Portfolio: Dorothy Hyuha

b. How does one gain influence in the group?
Being in Museveni’s inner circle.
c. What issues do they care about?
Continuing the lucrative trade with resources without attention by the international community.
d. What does the organizational structure look like?
De facto dictatorship.
i. Rule by consensus
ii. Oligarchy
iii. Dictatorship
iv. Theocracy
v. Etc.
5. Financial Resources (if applicable)
a. List activities that generate cash flow
export of fish, cotton, tea, flowers and gold
development aid (main donors World Bank, European Commission, US, UK, Denmark, Netherlands, Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden)
smuggling of resources from Congo
b. Income from activities
development aid USD959 million (2003 numbers) p. a.
smuggling $200m. p. a.
c. Profitability
6. Military Resources (if applicable)
46,000 full-time troops, 30,000 reservists and over 60,000 associated militia
STRENGTH
INFANTRY -18 × Brigade
ARMOUR - 2 × Battalion
ARTILLERY - 4 × Battery
AIR DEFENCE - 2 × Battalion
a. What arms do they possess
Armour Type Role Quantity In Service
T-54/T-55 Main Battle tank 110 2
n/a
PT-76
Light Tank 15 1
n/a
BRDM-2
Reconnaissance Vehicle 6 1
n/a
Ferret
Reconnaissance Vehicle 20 1
6 1
Eland
Reconnaissance Vehicle n/a n/a
BTR-60
Armoured Personnel Carrier 16 1
12 1
OT-64
Armoured Personnel Carrier 4 4
RG-31 Mamba Mk II
Armoured Personnel Carrier 25 25
Buffel
Armoured Personnel Carrier 20 20
Notes:
1. Estimate.
2. Most of 90 T-55s delivered from Bulgaria in 1998 in an unserviceable condition.

Artillery
Type Role Quantity In Service
155 mm G5
Gun-Howitzer 4 4
130 mm M-46
Field Gun 6 1
6
122 mm D-30
Howitzer 9 1
9
122 mm M1938
Howitzer 15 2
n/a
76 mm M1942 Field Gun 20 2
n/a
122 mm BM-11
Multiple Rocket System 4 2
n/a
122 mm RM-70
Multiple Rocket System 6 1
6
82 mm M43
Mortar n/a n/a
81 mm L16
Mortar n/a n/a
60 mm Brandt Mortar n/a n/a
Notes:
1. Reported delivered in 2002. Also procured were 18 155 mm howitzers of unspecified type from Israel.
2. Estimates.
Anti-Tank Weapons
Type Role Quantity In Service
AT-3 Sagger
Anti-Tank Guided Weapon 15 n/a
Air Defence Weapons
Type Role Quantity In Service
Strela-2 (SA-7 'Grail')
Manportable SAM 20 n/a
14.5 mm ZPU-1/-2/-4
Light Anti-Aircraft Gun n/a n/a
23 mm (twin) ZU-23
Light Anti-Aircraft Gun n/a 20
37 mm M1939
Anti-Aircraft Gun 15 n/a
%uF0B7 All figures are estimates. SA-7 quantity refers to number of launchers.
Infantry Weapons
Type Role
7.62 mm Tokarev Pistol
9 mm FN 35 Pistol
7.65 mm Skorpion
Sub-machine Gun
9 mm Sterling Sub-machine Gun
9 mm Uzi
Sub-machine Gun
5.56 mm M16A1?
Rifle
7.62 mm SKS Rifle
7.62 mm FN-FAL Rifle
7.62 mm G3 Rifle
7.62 mm M60
Light Machine Gun
7.62 mm RPD, RPK
Light Machine Gun
7.62 mm PK
Light Machine Gun
7.62 mm Bren L4
Light Machine Gun
7.62 mm FN MAG Light Machine Gun
12.7 mm DShk Machine Gun
b. Experience level
The Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF) was long among the most powerful organisations in central Africa and, with some 46,000 full-time troops, 30,000 reservists and over 60,000 associated militia, is still an enormous force. Over a decade of action against rebel forces within Uganda and in support of groups in the Democratic Republic of Congo have given the UPDF skills and experience almost unrivalled in Africa. Against this, the UPDF is still strongly influenced by its roots as a guerrilla army. There is growing discontent, and there have been problems of corruption with some UPDF officers allegedly engaging in mineral extraction and other illegitimate activities while deployed in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.

Provide a short history of the stakeholder group
a. What is their origin?
From the overthrow of President Mobutu Sese Seko in early 1997 where Uganda actively supported the revolutionary AFDL of Laurent Kabila, until May 2003, Uganda maintained expeditionary forces in the DRC and fought the Kabila government both directly and through proxy rebel forces: first the Congolese Rally for Democracy (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie: RCD-Kisangani or Liberation Movement) faction, later joined by the Congo Liberation Movement (Mouvement de Libération du Congo: MLC) and a number of small ethnically based factions in the contiguous Ituri region.
Approximately one third of Uganda's 10,000 strong expeditionary force was withdrawn from the DRC in late 2000 after renewed clashes with Rwandan troops around Kisangani. By that time MLC rebel allies had largely replaced Ugandan troops along the stationary frontline positions. In March 2001 Uganda began to airlift its troops home from the northern front in line with the renewed ceasefire accord. It was planned to leave about 4,000 troops in position, although it was claimed that Uganda was ready to withdraw all its troops. This number was reduced to about 2,000 by end of 2001, almost all deployed around the Rwenzori border area, although short-term redeployments were made to assist the RCD-ML proxy force in controlling localised ethnic violence and attacks by local Mai-Mai militias.
Considerable reinforcements were made to Ugandan forces around Bunia in Ituri region in late 2002 due to a major resurgence of fighting between rival guerrilla factions in the region and their threat to Ugandan interests there. By the time of the definitive withdrawal of the UPDF from the DRC in early May 2003, there were some 7,000 UPDF personnel in Bunia. These troops were redeployed to the northern front to fight the LRA. Allegations of UPDF connections to Ituri militias have continued, however, with the UN reporting in early 2005 that certain Ugandan military-business officials were continuing to profit by trading arms for gold with the Forces Armées du Populaires du Congo (FAPC) of northern Ituri.
Tensions between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo escalated following the incursion of 400 or so Ugandan Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) rebels into northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo near the border with Sudan. In September 2005, President Museveni threatened to deploy Ugandan troops across the border into the Democratic Republic of Congo should Kinshasa fail to deal with the rebels. In response, the Democratic Republic of Congo called on the United Nations to enforce sanctions against Uganda, including an arms embargo, asserting that Kampala's threat to use force undermined the territorial integrity and political independence of the Democratic Republic of Congo. An end to the impasse came about in early October 2005, after the deployment of some 3,000 Congolese troops to the border area - supported by the UN Mission in the Congo (MONUC) - forced the rebels to flee to neighbouring Sudan.

b. How have they changed?
i. Interests
ii. Level of influence
iii. Resources
iv. etc

c. future goals?
The future goal of Uganda towards the DRC is to maintain the lucrative smuggling trade without getting too much international attention. This is partially disguised as security concerns.
Uganda's strategic importance as a regional diamond and gold centre has been enhanced by the recent decision of Japan's export trading organization JETRO to set up in Kampala. This seems another indication that Uganda will continue to trade in diamonds smuggled in from the DRC, despite Kimberley Process rules or the new political dispensation being worked out in Kinshasa. JETRO, with 57 representative offices world-wide, is telling its customers that it can supply 150kg of gold dust and 50kg of diamonds from Uganda. Yet earlier in 2006 Canadian consultants Brian W. Hester Inc. wrote that Ugandan did not have these minerals in significant quantities nor does it have the technical capacity to mine diamonds. Israeli personalities like Udi Sheintal, the Israeli firm Darumi Diamonds, the Lebanese firms like Lac Kivu and Victoria have reportedly been crucial in helping Ugandan diamonds beat the ban. The United Arab Emirates and India, where Ugandan diamonds are also exported, to not accept jurisdiction of the Kimberley Process. Uganda is also increasingly adept at concealing its diamond deals. No longer are diamond figures reflected in official statistics, as used to be the case. Yet the extent of illegal trade is significant. The Ugandan Bureau of Statistics said after a recent survey of 14 customs points, mostly in western Uganda, that the illegal trade is worth $200m.
Recently, Congo and Uganda have agreed to the joint development of oil deposits along their border and to fight rebel groups operating in their countries. Prior to the agreement, the Ugandan army deployed heavily along the common border with the DRC and had asked for permission to cross the border to stem insecurity after a series of attacks on its territory by the Congolese army and suspected militias. The talks centered on a disputed border island in Lake Albert where exploration teams have recently found commercially-viable deposits of oil and natural gas.Lake Albert, which lies on the floor of the western arm of the Rift Valley, straddles the Uganda-Congo border in an area where two companies, Heritage of Canada and Tullow Oil of the UK, are prospecting for oil.